Abstract
This
dissertation will discuss the issue and occurrence of Female-on-Male domestic
violence. The aim of the study is to discover whether male victims feel they
have been treated fairly and adequately by the public services such as the
police and social services. Also it is aimed that how male victims willing to
talk these matters publicly. There it is concern that two example pools from
Europe and Sri Lanka.
Introduction
This is an area which studies
worthwhile have to be conducted.
Personnel experiences in lot of exposure in the female abusing male which is a
quite common occurrence in the alien communities who reside in Europe Specially
Sri Lankan & other Asian communities. The contributory factor is addiction to Alcohol which had
become a hobby to the Males who do mostly Blue collar jobs which needs lo of
physical strength. Furthermore inadequate knowledge of language of the country
domiciled had worsened the situation. So when inquiry is held by security
social, therapist, police, judiciary etc. poor language skills & alcoholism
are major drawbacks for males.
In the end children are
innocent victims of the situation which
they suffer in silence .I would like to quote 02 true incidents with the
permission of relevant parties which took place due to alcoholism. First
incident was a member of the Indian Sikh community kills by stabbing brutally his wife to death because of
rivalry(argument) he had with his mother in law about two decades ago even
after they had grown up children. Second incident Sri Lankan wife suspecting
his husband having an affair with her own sister who lives with them use her
children as a witness to get divorce from her husband who happened to be in
love for ten years before she got married. Strangely both are married from love
affairs had a very good family life. In both incidents both ladies were
very flaunt in the language (French) &
men were hard working alcoholics.
The situation of a male victim is
further aggravated by the fact human rights laws takes more biased approach
towards male while situation of the female is who happen to be perpetuator more often get scot free.
Methodology
The dissertation will study itself will
aim to replicate the findings. Some theories of domestic Abuse will briefly be
discussed in order to gain an idea as to why women abuse their male partners.
The Study will be conducted using self-completion questionnaires and the
results from these will then be compared with the literature already conducted
on female-on-male domestic abuse to see if they are Supportive of one another.
The dissertation will conclude with some recommendations for further
improvement of the public services and how they treat male victims of abuse.
The recommendations will be from both the researcher and the respondents of the
research. The dissertation will conclude with some recommendations for further
improvement of the public Services and
how they treat male victims of abuse. The recommendations will be from both the
researcher and the respondents of the
research.
Research
Design
This research will take form, similarly
to the survey conducted by The Mankind Initiative. Questions are focused mainly
on the provisions available to male victims of domestic abuse. This research
will aim to discover what the victims’ treatment was from the public services
and their views of the Provisions available. As much of the literature review
has found, there aren’t many provisions for men and they are often treated
inadequately by the public services, especially the police. This research
proposes that male victims do not receive satisfactory aid from the public
services and this is what the research hopes to prove true. Similarly to the
Mankind survey, this piece of research will consist of both qualitative and
quantitative data.
Due to the nature of the research and
the time scale and funding available to the researcher, the research will be
conducted using solely questionnaires. This is because it will be quick and
easy to gain a response, and as interviews can be time consuming, participants
may be more inclined to answer questions in the form of a questionnaire. Also,
as the nature of the research is sensitive, many participants would benefit
from a questionnaire as it can give them full anonymity. The research will be
conducted via e-mail through the Men’s Aid website.
Design Sampling
The sampling method that will be used in
the research is snowballing. This is mainly due to the way in which the
research will be conducted, via email or websites. The reason for this is
because it is the Easiest, most effective way to gain a study population, and
as the research topic is sensitive, Snowballing is an ideal sampling method.
“Snowball sampling is a form of convenience sample…with this approach to
sampling; the Researcher makes initial contact with a small group of people who
are relevant to the research Topic and then uses these to establish contacts
with others.”(Bryman, A. 2001) If the researcher were to use random sampling by
asking passersby in the street, it is unlikely that many would agree to
participate or even to answer the questions honestly. To start the sample
population, the researcher will email some of the website members to ask if
they would be willing to Participate. This will be done randomly to members of
the websites. Once the researcher has gained the first participants of the
sample, it will then be possible to ask if they would be willing to introduce
more people to the research. As the participants already involved are a member
of a website relating to the research, it is likely that they will know people
from similar situations who would also be willing to participate. There are,
however, some problems with snowball sampling “It is very unlikely that the sample
will be representative of the population [and this] may be problematic in some Circumstances.”
(Ibid: 2000) However, as this research is aimed specifically at male victims of
domestic abuse, snowballing is the ideal sampling method for this Research
method to conduct this research the questionnaire will be designed specifically
for male victims of domestic abuse. Due to the information gathered from other
sources it has been found that many male victims do not get treated fairly by
the public services. The questions will aim to discover how male victims were
treated by the public services, specifically the police, and if there are
enough provisions, such as hostels, for male victims of domestic abuse. The
questionnaires will self-completion questionnaires and will be sent to
participants via the charity website Men’s Aid, this is a civil rights
organization charity for men which also helps male victims of domestic abuse.
Discussion
The literature review section of the
dissertation will look at some different themes which were discovered within
the literature. The first of which is the stereotype of domestic abuse. This
will focus mainly on the study conducted by Ann Grady (2002) female-on-male
domestic abuse: uncommon or ignored? The following section will discuss the
occurrence of domestic abuse against men, by looking at facts and figures found
within the literature. The third section will look at the reasons behind female
violence and will focus on Dr. Martin S. Fiebert’s work of women who initiate
assaults on their partners. The final two sections are most relevant to the
study and look at the help available for male victims and the support they
receive from public services. Domestic Abuse Stereotype from researching
domestic abuse it is evident that the stereotypes of victims are that of women
being abused by their male partners. This is apparent from the websites
available showing support services for victims of domestic abuse. There are
only two charities in England and Wales which are for men specifically who help
with male victims of domestic abuse. As the stereotype is that of female
victims, there is not much academic research specifically aimed at male
victims, and for this reason, this piece of research will focus on the male
victims of domestic abuse.
It is first necessary to look at the
reasons that women and not men are considered the victims of domestic abuse.
The best place to start is the research conducted by Ann Grady; this is the
only piece of academic research the researcher found which focuses solely on
male victims of domestic abuse. Grady discusses in great detail the reasons why
feminism has resulted in the stereotype of the domestic violence victim being
female. She discusses the basic principles of the feminist study as regarding
the gendered structure of society as the cause of female oppression, and
states: “It is thus evident that core feminist principles are seen to have
specific application to domestic violence research. Feminists view the gendered
structure of society as an instrumental facilitator ofviolence against women.
Men are the holders of public and private power, which creates a subordinate
underclass of women. By holding this power they exercise ‘social control’ over
women, which at its extreme is expressed using violence, especially within the
home.”
(Grady,
2002) As the feminist perspective on domestic abuse has been so strong in
recent years this has therefore meant that male victims have subsequently been
deselected from any sample groups and “accordingly, one can assert that the
feminist analysis of domestic violence is gender-biased, and its findings will
reflect such a bias.” (Ibid, 2000) Grady discuses other writers research which
has left out the occurrence of the male victim, she states that many
researchers do this due to past research which shows women are the majority of
victims but she also says that “Some writers do not even bother to justify
their subject group, clearly implying they see domestic violence to be a female
issue.” (Ibid, 2000) Grady, however does say that there is an exception to this
and that is the research of analyzed police records, as these are measured in a
more quantitative fashion, it shows a more rounded picture of the extent of
domestic violence.
However one problem with this is that
many male victims don’t report their abuse to police due to the stigma
attached. Although this will be discussed in more detail further on, it implies
that police records may not be as reliable as originally thought due to the
lack of reporting by male victims. Grady concludes her criticisms of the
feminist method by stating: “This stereotype perpetuates a social perception of
domestic violence as an offence committed by men against women. The application
of this stereotype is at its greatest within domestic violence response
agencies, as they have been most directly informed by the feminist analyses of
domestic violence. Indeed, the majority, such as refuges and help lines, have
been established as a direct result of the need to support ‘battered women’
identified within research.” (Ibid, 2000) Similarly to Grady, the researcher
has also found that in academic textbooks and research, the male victim is not
mentioned at all. For example in the text book Criminology by Stephen Jones,
there is a chapter about violent and aggressive offences, in which there is a
sub-chapter about spouse or partner abuse. From the title ‘spouse or partner
abuse’ it would seem that the content would be gender neutral but it is not,
and discusses the feminist view briefly. “In Britain, violence in the home is
generally referred to as domestic violence; although some feminist writers
argue that the term ‘domestic’ is misleading, as it implies that the private
nature of the abuse is more important than its gendered nature.” (Jones, 2006)
This suggests that Jones agrees with the
stereotype of domestic abuse to be about gender and this is supported by the
fact that he doesn’t discuss male victims in his chapter on violent offences. The
article by David Hughes found on the ‘Manorma’ website, also supports the view
of Grady where feminism has played a part in the stereotypical view of the
domestic violence victim. Hughes discusses the case of Erin Pizzey the feminist
who opened the first women’s refuge in 1971. Pizzey wrote a book Prone to
Violence, which was censored in England for over 20 years due to the opinions
expressed in it. In Pizzey’s book she claimed, “Of the first 100 women who
entered the refuge, 64 of them were as violent, or more violent, than the men
they were allegedly running away from.” (Hughes, 2005) As Pizzey was a feminist
herself, she faced problems from fellow feminists for discussing the equal
culpability between men and women with the issue of domestic abuse, and this
was not well received by other feminists, hence the censorship of Prone to
Violence. The stereotype of domestic
violence victims being female is also exacerbated by media influences. The
media will often run stories about female victims, and campaigns such as the
recent campaign by women’s aid, will only focus on female victims. The recent
campaign uses “famous female faces, made up to show the physical effects of
domestic violence” This is a very effective campaign because it dramatically
shows the physical marks domestic abuse can cause, and it is depicted on
celebrity faces that the public like and can relate to. The problem is, it only
depicts women, and this will encourage the public to still consider the stereotypical
view that women are the only victims of domestic abuse. Such charities, which
help female victims of domestic abuse, also dominate the awareness of domestic
abuse. Not only do they launch television campaigns such as the one mentioned
above, but they also provide help for female victims, and these to be very
widely publicized. There are posters and leaflets in police stations and other
public places such as libraries, in which there are few to raise awareness of
male victims of domestic abuse. The researcher found a leaflet; in a local
library which was publicizing “Wirral’s only dedicated domestic abuse drop-in center”
through reading the leaflet, the researcher found that it gave a definition of
domestic abuse. It states: ”Domestic Abuse refers to the physical, emotional,
sexual, financial or social abuse of one person by someone they know.” The
researcher thought this was a good and relevant definition, as it didn’t
discriminate against gender. However reading on it says:
“It
can affect anyone regardless of age, class, social stats, education, ethnicity,
or sexual orientation.” This seems to include anyone except different sexes; it
doesn’t state that men also can be the victims of domestic abuse. As there are
few leaflets such as this one to help male victims of domestic abuse, it can
leave them feeling more alone and like they have no one to turn to for support
and assistance.
Many male victims of domestic abuse
don’t realize they are victims again due to the stereotype as they also believe
that women are the only victims of this form of abuse. The researcher did find
one leaflet which is specifically designed for male victims of domestic abuse;
however this was taken from the Men’s Aid website and not found in a public
place like the previous one. It gives good advice to men who are suffering effects
of domestic abuse, including some practical advice and the Men’s Aid help line
number. This leaflet would provide very useful for men who are victims of
domestic abuse; however it would be more useful if the leaflet was more widely
available in public places such as police stations and doctor’s surgery’s etc.
Many of the news articles used for this research also support the view that
domestic violence is a crime of men against women, not the other way around.
For example two articles began by giving information about the domestic abuse,
which was suffered. They then later continued to state that the abused was in
fact a man. One of the articles was written by a male victim of domestic abuse,
Daniel Hoste (Daniel Hoste is a pseudonym). Hoste Creates a picture of the
abuse suffered, describing being punched and strangled, for the simple reason
of leaving a door open. Then Hoste asks the reader to imagine that the attacker
was not a stranger but in fact someone who you love. In the second paragraph
Hoste says: “The emotional abuse was much worse: the physical marks have
healed; my mental scars will never go away. The other thing worth mentioning is
that I’m a man.” (Hoste, 2002) This is done by the writer to shock the reader,
by playing up to the stereotype that domestic abuse only happens to women. It
begins by getting the emotions of the reader aroused and then shocks them by
announcing his sex. This seems to make the article seem much worse as the
language and descriptions are graphic, as a reader you picture a woman writing
it and experiencing it.
Similarly to the article by Hosted,
another article found on the Canada.com website starts describing the abuse
before naming the victim as a man. “Terry is like any other spouse who has
suffered physical abuse at a partner’s hands. The shame, the stigma, the
sticking it out in the hopes that things will change – all of these are part of
Terry’s experience…Terry is not his real name. Yes, you just read a masculine
pronoun.” (Hatherly, 2006) Again this has been done to shock the reader, as the
stereotypical view is that the woman is the victim of domestic abuse. Not only
is there a stereotype that women are the victims of domestic abuse, not men.
There is also a stereotype that male victims are small, weedy men who are
unable to protect themselves. However from the research conducted, this is not
necessarily the case, in a lot of cases this is in fact the opposite. A lot of
physically strong men, that society wouldn’t expect to be victims, in fact are.
News articles from BBC London, discuss the case of one man, George Rolph, who
was on the receiving end of domestic abuse. The article begins by describing
George as “6ft 4in. He weighs in at 14 stone and is a trained karate
instructor.” (bbc.co.uk) this shows that the common misconception that male
victims are week is untrue, however as it is a news article; this could just be
used to grab the public’s attention. Although this isn’t the only article where
the physical attributes of both partners are discussed. For example, the
article discussed previously written by Daniel Hosted describes how he is 6ft
1” and his abuser was a petite 5ft 4”. The physical attributes of those
involved are also found in the article from New Magazines. This article is from
the perspective of a female abuser, and is about a woman Sarah Jordan, who
abused two of her husbands. In this article, Jordan states, “Both my first and
third Husbands were over 6ft tall, and towered over my 5ft-5in frame.” (Jordan,
2006)
The study conducted by Grady fits in
well with the perception that male victims are seen as small ‘Weedy men. In her
study, Grady interviewed police officers about domestic violence incidents.
Grady used non-gendered language, when discussing incidents, to see what the
police officers would intemperate the situation to be about. “The purpose of
the interviews was to identify, first, any explicit reliance upon a male-on
female stereotype.” (Grady, 2002) Grady
found from her research that the police rely upon the male-on-female stereotype
of domestic violence. As Grady found that most police officers rely on the
male-on-female stereotype, she called into question the validity of police
statistics as many of them were not going into occurrences open minded.
However, when officers where asked if they had encountered female-on-male
domestic abuse, Grady found that: “Ten of the 17 appeared to operate upon a
stereotype of female-on-male abuse…For instance P14 assumed that ‘a small
stature man, very thin and about seven stone, wet through, is your typical male
victim…A surprising aspect of this part of the interview was the humor that
some officers attached to the concept of female-on-male abuse. The immediate
reaction of two officers being asked
about male victims was to laugh.” (Ibid, 2000) Some of the comments Grady’s
participants said were completely the opposite of what the researcher found.
Many of the victims the researcher read about were not small men, but in fact
larger and physically stronger than the female who was abusing them. Grady’s
comments on stereotypes of domestic abuse seem apt to describe the stereotypes
the researcher has come across whilst researching domestic violence. “It
appears that a domestic violence stereotype exists in two forms: the stereotype
of male-on female abuse…and the disbelieving comedic stereotype of
female-on-male violence” (Ibid, 2000).Occurrence of domestic abuse against men.
There are conflicting facts and figures about the occurrence of domestic abuse
against men, but it has come to be known more recently that men and women are
equally capable of being the victims of violence at the hands of a partner. For
example an interview with Sarah Jordan, as mentioned previously, conducted on
ITV’s This Morning program; the presenter says that their own This Morning
survey found that 1 in 6 men are the victims of domestic abuse, and that also
30 men die a year as a result of domestic abuse. This is supported by an
article printed in The Independent which states that “1 in 6 men are victims of
domestic violence” (Verkaik, 2003) However, the article in New! Magazine states
that “according to the 2004 British Crime Survey, a fifth of all reported
domestic violence is against men.” (Jordan, 2006)
The facts in the different articles are
often conflicting and can be confusing in knowing the true extend of
female-on-male domestic abuse. However this could be due to the lack of academic
research in this area. The television documentary ‘Hidden Lives: Battered Men’
which was screened on channel 5, 30th October 2006, used some statistics from
the British Crime Survey to support the extent of violence committed by females
against their male partners. This documentary stated that 22 per cent of
domestic violence victims are men and that only 19 per cent of these report the
abuse they have suffered. Although this documentary gives some facts from a
reliable source it doesn’t give the full details of where the facts were taken
from, such as the date. A different article by the Daily Mail claims that men
are “at greatest risk of domestic violence” (McCullagh, 2006) and that more men
report domestic violence to their doctor. However dissimilarly to other
articles, this one states where the source has come from. The information in
this article was taken from a study conducted by Trinity College in Dublin,
where they found that “52 percent of men and 43 per cent of women attending
their family doctors have experienced domestic violence.” (Ibid, 2000) Probably
the most reliable source of information, which discusses the occurrence of domestic
violence, is study 191 conducted by the Home Office in 1999. This study has
been used for examples of violence in both the domestic abuse leaflet provided
by Men’s aid and in David Hughes’ article. This study looks at the findings
from the British Crime survey. Its main findings were that: “4.2% of women and
4.2% of men said they had been physically assaulted by a current or former
partner in the past year.” (Mirrlees-Black, 1999: vii) This would seem most
accurate as the British crime survey includes crimes, which haven’t been reported
or recorded, and many domestic crimes often go unreported. It also shows that
the crime of domestic violence doesn’t discriminate against gender.
Basically this case
study was done using cases we found on Europe and Sri Lanka. This was given to
few Sri Lankans so as to get the survey done. It’s noticed that most of them
been embarrassed to give their comments on the matter. Unlike in Europe
countries Asian countries, male has role in a family and female also has a
significant role in a family. So it is noticed that people rarely open to talk
their family matters in public. Even they like to talk about it, we understood
that they fear about the society thought this survey was fully confidential.
Out of the people willing to take part in the survey, we barely managed to get
full answers for all the questions.
Reference
Books
Bryman,
A. (2004) Social Research Methods:
2nd Ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press
Bryman,
A. & Cramer, D. (1997) Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for Windows:
A guide for social scientists. London,
Routledge
Researches
Fitzgerald,
S. & Hoolahan, S. (2003) Domestic Abuse Survey of Male Victims &
Proposals for Service Provision. The Mankind Initiative
Weatherly,
J. (1997) Confronting Male Violence and Constructing Masculinity: A Case Study
of the Merseyside Development Unit. Liverpool John Moores University
Web
Articles
Corry,
C. E., Fiebert, M., S. & Pizzey, E. (2002) Controlling Domestic Violence
Against Men. Found at http://www.ejfi.org/DV/dv-6.htm
Hoff,
B. H. (1999) Why women assault: Review of Fiebert & Gonzalez, College women
Who Initiate assaults on their Male Partners and the Reasons Offered for Such
Behaviour. Menweb on-line journal (ISSN: 1095-5240 http://www/menweb.org/fiebetg.htm)
Hughes,
D. Domestic Violence Against Men. Found at
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/verismo/dv.againstmen.html
ITV
(‘This Morning’) Domestic Violence and male victims. Found at:
http://www.parents4protest.co.uk/media/itvthismorning_maledv.wmv
Appendix
Appendix
1
Questionnaire
and answers
1)
Have you ever been the victim of domestic abuse?
Yes
No
2)
Was this abuse (please mark boxes relevant)
Physical
Mental Financial Sexual Other
3)
Was the perpetrator your female partner?
Yes
No
4)
How long did the abuse last for?
<
3months 3 months- 1-5 yrs 5-10 yrs 10+ yrs
1
yr
5)
Did you report the abuse to anyone?
Friend
Family Doctor Social Police Services Samaritans Men’s Aid Other please state
6)
If you reported the police to police or social services did they believe you?
Yes
No Unsure
7)
If you reported the abuse to police or social services how did they treat you?
“As
a joke”
“At
first, no help. No apology re: police. Later the police were very considerate
and did help me. I had no help from social services.” “With ridicule – ‘why
don’t you learn to duck’ – ‘what are you, a man or a mouse-squeak up?’ ‘What
did YOU do to HER’?”
“Very
Badly”
“Not
very well”
“Was
not interested at all. However I made the mistake of retaliating on one
occasion after years of abuse. I called the police and I was arrested and
charged.”
“The
police initially were aware that she regularly changed her stories and warned
me, but that was in Spain in the UK the police refused to do anything. Social
services stated that they knew of the abuse but now that we no longer live
together there is less risk of the children witnessing it. The judge said I
must have done something to deserve it.”
8)
Did the police or social services take action upon the perpetrator? (if yes
give details)
Yes No Unsure
9)
Were you satisfied with the action taken?
Yes
No Unsure
10)
Were you ever assumed (by police or social services) to be the perpetrator?
Yes
No Unsure
11)
Did you have to leave the family home?
Yes
No
12)
If you and your partner had children, where did they reside?
“With
her, by court order”
“Shared
care -70% with mother, 30% with me after splitting”
“In
the family home”
“Her
children in the same house, and were the cause of much of the hostility”
“With
her, though she always displayed violence”
“Young
children stayed with her”
“With
my partner”
“The
children live with the mother and I have been denied all contact since 1999”
13)
If yes to q 11, where did you go? (Please state)
“My
brother 2 years, then small flat”
“Into
lodgings”
“Friend’s
house – no other help available”
“Family”
“Slept
in car for two weeks, until rented flat became available”
“Bed
sit”
14)
Was there any help from social services/ charity etc to find you a hostel?
Yes
No
15)
Was your case investigated/ prosecuted? (Please give details)
“Yes”
“No”
“Absolutely
not”
16)
Do you think there are enough services available to male victims of domestic
abuse?
Yes
No Don’t Know
18)
Do you think there is enough publicity about domestic abuse against men?
Yes
No Don’t Know
19)
If not, what more could be done?
“More
help for men victims”
“There
should be equal media attention given to male victims & children victims of
female
Perpetrators.
The same goes for newspapers. But the silence (re: male victims & child) is
deafening.”
“At least give equality to men’s problems and
provide equality of services to those made available to Women”
“Nationwide
campaign”
“Tell
the truth about the 50-50 split in domestic abuse rates and the fact more women
harm children than men.”
If
you have any other comments as to your treatment by the Criminal Justice system
or how it could be improved please give details below.
“Equal
support / protection / duty of care to all victims of DA / DV / False
allegations / PAS. This is a victim issue – not a gender issue”
“The
system does not accept that women can be violent”
“To
be investigated the same way as if it was a female victim”
“Make
it common knowledge what constitutes domestic violence, take the stigma out of
men reporting cases of domestic violence, and treat men and women equally.”
“Prosecute
charities that spread non-truthful statements and statistics on domestic
violence, and fund men’s help lines and refuges.
“Remove
the thought that children automatically go with the mother and make shared
parenting the norm, so the children benefit from both parents.”
Make
divorce financial settlements fairer so if possible both parents have a chance
of affording to have a home for their children.”
“Along
with the police investigations and other state agencies an allegation should
always be treated as such and therefore evidence sought.”
Thank
you for taking part in my survey. All information given will be kept
confidential and no names or aliases will be disclosed. The information in the
questionnaire above will be solely for statistical research for the purpose of
our dissertation.
Thank
you again for your help.
1
yes 1234 yes 1yr-5yrs 123567 no no yes yes no no
2
yes 124 yes
5yrs-
10yrs
457 no no unsure yes no no
3
yes 1234 yes 1yr-5yrs 123456 no no yes yes no no
4
yes 25 yes 1yr-5yrs 156 no yes yes yes no yes
5
yes 12345 yes 10+yrs 13568 no no unsure yes no no
6
yes 25 yes 3mth-1yr 128 0 0 0 no 0 no
7
yes 123 yes 3mth-1yr 15 no no no yes no no
8
yes 123 yes 1yr-5yrs 123458 yes no yes no no
9
yes 12 yes 10+yrs 125 no no yes yes no no
10
yes 1234 yes 1yr-5yrs 123457 unsure no yes yes no no
11
yes 24 yes 3mth-1yr 2456 unsure no unsure no no no
12
yes 12 yes 1yr-5yrs 237 0 0 0 yes 0 no
13
yes 1234 yes 1yr-5yrs 25 unsure no unsure yes 0 no
14
yes 12 yes 1yr-5yrs 123458 no no yes yes no no
15
yes 124 yes
5yrs-10yrs
257 unsure no unsure yes no no
Abuse
column, numbers represent as follows: 1= physical, 2= mental, 3= financial, 4=
sexual, 5= other
Report
column, numbers represent as follows: 1= friend, 2= family, 3= doctor, 4=
social services, 5=police, 6= Samaritans, 7= Men’s Aid,8= Other
Physical
Mental Financial Sexual Other12 15 7 8 3
Length
<3mnths 3mnth-1yr 1-5yrs 5-10yrs 10+yrs 0 3 8 2 2
Friend
Family Doctor Social Services Police Samaritans Men's Aid Other 10 11 7 6 12 5
5 4
Belief
Yes No Unsure N/A 1 8 4 2
Satisfied
Yes No Unsure N/A 1 12 0 2
Assumed
Yes No Unsure N/A 7 1 5 2
Leave
Home Yes No 12 3
Services
Yes No Don’t Know N/A 1 13 0 1
Publicity
Yes No Don’t Know 4 11 0
Reported
12 Satisfied 0 Not Satisfied 12
